Poltorak Alexander | Tufts University School of Medicine; Petrozavodsk State University, Department of Pathology, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111; 33 Lenin Avenue, Petrozavodsk, 185910, alexander.poltorak@tufts.edu |
Toll-like receptors signaling cascades patterns adaptor proteins cytokines macrophages |
Toll-like receptors (TLR) mediate recognition of molecular structures of pathogens. TLRs are expressed on cells of different types and initiate immune response by binding to different ligands. Despite the fact that functional TLRs were identified in several organisms including human and mouse their biological role and mechanisms of functioning are insufficiently studied. |